Medical Precision Systems Human Resources Management Case Study

Medical Precision Systems Human Resources Management - Case Study Example "A share is a unit of ownership. When you own a share you become a part-owner (shareholder) of a company and you will have the right to: receive any dividends paid on each share that you own; receive a copy or summary of the company's annual report A performance management culture exists at MPS and appraisals, remuneration, and promotions are highly performance based. Artley and Stroh (2001, p. 5) reports, "All high-performance organizations, whether public or private, are, and must be, interested in developing and deploying effective performance measurement and performance management systems, since it is only through such systems that they can remain high-performance organizations." For fifteen years MPS has been employing a total quality management (TQM) program. Ten employees are on a team and they elect their leader. Group, or team, leaders hold feedback sessions and report what they gather to the senior production managers. (Beardwell and Holden, 2001, p.742.) A great deal of time, effort, and money is involved in providing excellent training in teamwork, people skills, and job education. Along with all of this training, company benefits, and a caring staff MPS also offers recreational facilities, sports, and social events for its employees. The company has strong values and a clear vision and it lives up to its mission statement, "MPS-working for the health of America". (Beardwell and Holden, 2001, p.742.) In the early 1990s MPS took its business worldwide and expanded into Europe, the United Kingdom, Sweden, and France. The strategy had to be adjusted as the company was now global and the system had to cater to global commitments and developments. Although business on the production and marketing side were going well Last Name 3 and the United Kingdom subsidiary in Bath and the Swedish subsidiary in Uppsala experienced steady growth, the overseas HRM experienced many difficulties. Reports revealed there was much potential for the French subsidiary. ((Beardwell and Holden, 2001, p. 742.) The company faced some disadvantages of going global and the lack of success with HRM that other firms run into. These include, as listed on 03 October 2003 by easterangel-ga (a blogger on Google Answers): -Flexibility and change in mindset: Cultural taboos or sensitivities of the market -Level of commitment -Organizational structure: Ensure multinational legal compliance such as labeling, packaging, product safety, and liability laws) -Language barriers MPS's HRM worked for its home-based parent company but did not do quite as well with its subsidiaries. Expatriate managers exerted strong controls over employees in different countries based on goals in financial and production terms, which were set by the parent company, did not give the local subsidiaries much input. They did not have much say in business activities. (Beardwell and Holden, 2001, p.742.) Keeping unions out or making sure that their influence was kept to a minimum were the

My Dad.. My Hero Essay Example for Free

My Dad.. My Hero Essay Today, 16th June, Fathers Day will be celebrated across the world- a day dedicated to those men who are an integral part of a childs life. While the mother is always acclaimed for the role of being a homemaker and bringing up children with the right values, the father plays a silent role of being a hero. Though we may not understand this role when we are young, but the fact is it our father who has groomed us to be the person we are today. Each of his actions or words subtly leaves an impression in our mind and without realizing we follow it. While the caring role of a mother continues to remain through our growing years. During our childhood he protects us from all the problems we fear to face. He is our provider, our Man Friday who has a solution to all our anxieties. As we grow up he evolves to be our friend and a guardian angle who not only protects but also let us make our mistakes and learn from them. As the years pass and we move on in different stages he set the tone and makes us ready to accept the practical aspects that life throws up at us. holding our hands in that big, strong hand makes everything right in the world. Fathers are usually compared to the coconut shell which has a hard exterior and a very soft interior. Yes this is exactly what they are .. and I tell this from my personal experience. As I evolved through life, I saw my father evolving me- accepting me with my mistakes, comforting me with his words and keeping me smile with his his little thoughts and actions. Wherever he goes my father leaves an indelible impression on all those he met. His warm and selfless nature will make any unknown person a friend and I learnt the lesson of accepting people without trying to change them. My Dad is an encyclopedia of facts and knowledge. He believes that reading is the only way to widen our knowledge and he made it a point to bring all sorts of books for me to read, whatever the price and I learnt the lesson that knowledge is priceless.. His dedication to his work and his family was out-of-this world and even today his office colleagues vouch for the perfection in which my dad executed his responsibilities. At the same time, I have seen him always being there for us whenever we needed him. He is a good luck charm and so I would insist on him accompanying me for all my exams and he always did that with a smiling face. Here, he taught me a lesson of balancing and prioritizing goals and responsibilities alike.. to make a good identity in public through in studies, through my family values.. The biggest joy for him has always been the smiles of his dear ones and even today he will go out of his way to ensure the smile remains through the years, the crucial lessons I am learning from him, evolving into a person I am and today when people say you just be like your father, there is no greater joy I feel.. because I always want to be like you my dad

The Federal Reserve System Essay -- Economics Economy

What the world needs now is Money Sweet Money"; that is not the way the song goes however that is surely the way our world and economy does. Money and its importance relative to the US Government have always been difficult to figure out especially when it comes to interest rates. Due to our Federal Reserve System, its chairman Alan Greenspan, and his Board of Governors dedicated to seeing that our economy blossoms, those doubts have become a thing of the past, for now. The Federal Reserve System is a central banking of the US Government, most commonly known as the Fed. A central bank serves as the banker to both the banking community and the government. It issues the national currency, conducts monetary policy, and plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of banks and bank holding companies. Congress created the Fed in 1913. It was designed to ensure political independence and sensitivity to the many different economic concerns. The chairman and the six other members of the Board of Governors who oversea the Fed are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. There are twelve District Reserve Banks, subsequently located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, in Richmond, VA. In Atlanta, GA., Cleveland, OH. St. Louis and Kansas City, MO., Chicago, Minneapolis MI., Dallas, TX. And San Francisco. Each bank is responsible to a 9 member Board of Directors, which is set in a three-class system. The three classes are defined as A, B, and member banks elect C. Class A and the Board of Governors appoints B Directors and Class C. The Board of Directors is responsible for the administration of its banks and the appointment of the banks president and vice-president. This process is set from the base... ...1987. In conclusion, the job of Mr. Greenspan and the Federal Reserve is not an easy one. Whenever money is involved there is always great potential for problems. With the monetary policy always an issue, Mr. Greenspan has to constantly come up with ways to keep our economy steady despite changes nationally and internationally. This recently became a relevant factor. At the very moment Mr. Greenspan was expected to accept his ultimate reappointment as Chair of the FED he was in the process of making it painfully clear that he was not going to allow the rapidly growing economy to foster inflationary imbalances that would undermine the economy's record economic expansion. This and other important factors caused several short-term interest rate increases. This saga continues but the FED with all they have to do has steadily maintained an economy to be proud of for now.

The Victorian Villain Goes A Governessing English Literature Essay

‘O scoundrel, scoundrel, smiling, damned scoundrel! ‘ I v 106 crossroads. Iago, Lovelace, Willoughby, Dracula, Lecter, Lestat, Voldemort, the intrigues of these and countless other literary scoundrels are frequently queerly absorbing and tempting. Indeed, throughout literature, the image of the scoundrel frequently proves to be the far more interesting character than the victim of their villainousness or the text ‘s hero. For many, the Victorian scoundrel is synonymous with the propertyless male as epitomised by Dickensian originals, for illustration the beastly Bill Sikes or the corruptor of artlessness, the predatory Fagin in Oliver Twist ( 1838 ) .[ 1 ]However, the coming of the esthesis novel during the 1860s heralded a new coevals of scoundrels, a coevals that sent both shockwaves and bangs through the literary universe and its readership. Initially, in what is considered the kick offing novel of the genre, The Woman in White ( 1860 ) ,[ 2 ]villainousness conti nues to be a masculine state as seen in the plants of Dickens, with the word picture of the puzzling Count Fosco, who with his ‘rod of Fe ‘ and chemical science set is arguably one of the most ill-famed scoundrels of the genre.[ 3 ]However, the esthesis novel apparently equates the scoundrel non with the propertyless male or the Gothic blue blood of old genres but with a new original of villainy – the villainess. This gendering of villainousness has led critics such as Hughes to observe that, ‘In the esthesis novel of the Lady Audley tradition, the heroine ‘s rightful topographic point is usurped wholly by the villainess, the golden-haired imposter who masquerades as a conventional married woman while plotting slaying on the side. ‘[ 4 ]Gone are the eighteenth-century portraitures of the innately virtuous heroine, such as Richardson ‘s Pamela and Clarissa, who emphasise the incorruptibility of the heroine as she battles to protect her repute and female pureness, or the early nineteenth-century ‘s word pictures of the reformed flirt who finally conforms as epitomised by Austen ‘s Emma Woodhouse.[ 5 ]In their topographic point stood the extramarital, bigamous, frequently homicidal, angel of the fireplace turned devil in the pretense of the respectable married woman, female parent or governess. This new strain of anti-heroines As Showalter argues, ‘ [ esthesis fiction ] conveys the menace of new phantasies, new outlooks, and even female rebellion ‘[ 6 ], This challenge to the conventional function of adult females ‘silly novels by lady novelists ‘ angel turned demon Mary Elizabeth Braddon ‘s Lady Audley ‘s Secret ( 1862 )[ 7 ] the incorruptibility of the heroine, the angel of the fireplace, is replaced The transmutation of the angel of the fireplace into the scheming devil The outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The beatific married womans and girls of old genres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, manque murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical low-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The suggestion that a adult female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain personal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon ‘s L ady Audley ( Lady Audley ‘s Secret ) and Collins ‘ Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were ‘debasing to everyone concerned ‘ ( Oliphant, 1867, in Pykett, 1992: 48 ) and a ‘morbid phenomenon of literature – indicants of a widespread corruptness, of which Married Woman ‘s Property Act divorce 1857 Victorian heroine conjures up images of Ambition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of pick are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are counter qualities which label her an aberrance to her sex. Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character – the villainess. The low-class male of old literary genres The esthesis novelists offered readers a new sort of scoundrel – the villainess. Aberrant muliebrity. the map of a heroine to function as an object of designation Adeline Sergeant suggests another ground for the popularity of such characters – a rebellion against the ‘inane and impossible goodness ‘ of old literary heroines ( Sergeant, in Mitchell, 1981: 74 ) . There can be no possible uncertainty that the evil of adult male is less catastrophic, less black to the universe in general, than the evil of adult female. That is the flood tide of all bad lucks of the race. Whughes 135 Margaret oliphant Outraged Victorian esthesias Mary Elizabeth Braddon synonymous with the creative activity of a new type of female supporter the angel turned devil. Patrilineal heritage offspring Gaskell Ruth Richardson ‘s Clarissa Wollstonecraft Maria The governess liminal figure equivocal place tabula rasa Ambition, self-assertion and the desire for power and freedom of pick are character traits frequently used by novelists to heighten and progress the position of the male supporter. In a female supporter they are counter qualities. Inversion of the melodramatic stereotype of heroine Showalter puerperal passion 71malady The outgrowth of the esthesis novel in the 1860s marked the reaching of a new coevals of female supporters. The beatific married womans and girls of old genres were replaced by intriguing bigamists, manque murderesses and unreliable fornicatresss, who were prepared to utilize whatever agencies necessary, including their gender, to accomplish their intent. The transmutation of the scoundrel from the typical low-class male of old literary genres ( epitomised by Dickens ) to the apparently guiltless angel of the fireplace at the same time shocked and thrilled Victorian readers and critics likewise. The suggestion that a adult female would utilize her gender in order to perpetrate offenses such as bigamy and fraud, that she would get married strictly for her ain personal ( normally fiscal ) addition, and non out of love, outraged the moralists of the clip and captivated every category of reader. Numerous critics campaigned against the word picture of characters such as Braddon ‘s L ady Audley ( Lady Audley ‘s Secret ) and Collins ‘ Lydia Gwilt ( Armadale ) , protesting that esthesis novels were ‘debasing to everyone concerned ‘ ( Oliphant, 1867, in Pykett, 1992: 48 ) and a ‘morbid phenomenon of literature – indicants of a widespread corruptness, of which they are in portion both the consequence and the cause ‘ ( Mansel, 1863, in Pykett, 1992: 51 ) . ‘the adventuress marries without love and hence submits to arouse without love. Even though the entry takes topographic point within matrimony, the adventuress is frequently shown to be evil because of her sexual willingness. ‘ ( Mitchell, 1981: 76 ) . Sabotaging traditional household values La extreme of female rebellion The villainess makes the out tangible Hughes remarks on the outgrowth of this new literary phenomenon by stating that, The supporter ‘no longer runs off from the manque bigamist ; she is more likely to dabble in a small bigamy of her ain. ‘ ( Hughes, 1980: 9 ) . The madwoman in the Attic had been transformed, from ‘a discolouredaˆÂ ¦ . barbarian face [ with ] aˆÂ ¦.red eyes and the fearful blackened rising prices of the qualities. ‘ ( Bronte, C. , 1847: 317 ) into a demure and attractive Siren, whose ‘fair face shone like a sunray. ‘ ( LAS, 7 ) and who was, by all outward visual aspects, the perfect married woman. Titillation of female villainousness Outside bounds of society villainess made by society In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. Voice and ordain our deepest desires, feelings, ideas. Villain can resemble the hero Lady Audley reveals the paradox that it is the female ‘s aberrant behavior that renders her other, but one time she is ‘othered ‘ her behavior becomes more utmost. Use governess ambivalent place used to analyze adult female ‘s place Disreputable yesteryear Wealth position and repute of course follows barchester histories mr moffatt Encapsulates everything that work forces are most afraid of female gender Morality narrative Unacknowledged desires Lydia female volatility lady Audley female surveillance sensing Victorian readers least resemble scoundrels non like us but surprisingly they teach us about ourselves. As Pam Morris argues, ‘women map as the other which allows work forces to build a positive self-identity as masculine. ‘[ 8 ] Ultimate misdemeanor Schemer with ability to pull strings her victims Does n't repent actions but non crave for an unchecked immorality Lydia ‘s aspiration gathers momentum at that place becomes a unsighted urgency to accomplish her desire to go Mrs Allan Armadale Villain becomes an improbable figure one that ab initio looks and acts like the archetypical angel. This is non to state that esthesis novelists are undertaking evil forces on the page Witness the growing of immorality in one of patriarchate ‘s most powerful images of pureness womankind perverting influence on kids. Not descent into lawlessness or debasement Recognizable new degree of complexness Governess the Respectable face of villainy the governess Disturbing is the Ordinariness of these adult females ‘s state of affairss makes their actions flooring to Victorian reader. A recognizable individual one that they may use in their places. Relative employed as governess. She ‘s non different to us non recognizable as scoundrel. Close propinquity of villainousness. Disparity in their lucks ‘it ‘s a deal. '11 Abandoned kid but principled she works so marries to supply for him.see gilbertdiseasedesire104 Governess ‘s place site of struggle ‘It is non until her individuality hat she becomes a true scoundrel. ‘ Deseasedesire102 Miss Morley ‘pale governess ‘ features that are identifiable as those of 100s of governesses and females. Fifteen old ages of ‘a governess of five-and-thirty old ages of age traveling place to get married a adult male to whom she had been engaged 15 old ages ‘ p.13 ‘a monster nugget turned up under my spade, and I came upon a gilded sedimentation of some magnitude. A fortnight afterwards I was the richest adult male in all the small settlement about me. I travelled post-haste to Sydney, realised my gold findings which were deserving upwards of ?20,000'p.22 What turns Lucy from the ‘doll like ‘ married woman into the villainess is a turn of fate return of hubby Robert ‘s grim chase for George ‘s whereabouts quest to detect her true individuality. Latent lunacy inherited from female parent. Doubly abject female parent Lydia predatory looking for chances to progress her societal position. Power enviousness treachery fright choler desire Femme fatale Life has pushed Lydia Lucy to villainy Writers such as set their narrations in foreign climates or in a landscape of phantasy and fable the scoundrel ‘s actions can non impact civilized society no menace but the power of the esthesis set their narrations in recognizable topographic points and state of affairss. Reader recoils from Lydia but what ‘s she traveling to make next. Lydia ‘s self-destruction the dramatic release from her societal place she has craved. Detailed psychological make-up Fictional scoundrel normally gets his deserts or meets a bloody terminal Jean societal ‘misfit ‘ but we can understand her predicament. Isabel sympathise with her actions apprehensible. The power of Lydia ‘s character is to propose that adult females are ambidextrous, untrusty. Ill-famed villainess by far the most interesting character profligate Robert Lovelace CLarissa Samuel Richardson, Fagin non lovable knave corrupted the artlessness of kids condemnable marauder. Fosco cosmopolite appeal, unusual powers, out believing outsmart investigators, sophisticated, relishes his power, Marian worthy advisory, possibility he will be master, new sort scoundrel reflects scientific thought of clip, unbelieving godless creates his ain moral model, wiw twelvemonth after beginning species, tickle pinking yet terrorizing character. Trained chemist sinister sense events narcotics Imbues work forces with great passion Juggling No redeeming characteristics Without self-doubt, self-questioning, self-despair believes their societal place offers some signifier of exoneration for their actions. Catalyst to events ‘ I do non state that Robert Audley was a coward, but I will acknowledge that a tremble of horror, something kindred to fear, chilled him to the bosom, as he remembered the atrocious things that have been done by adult females, since that twenty-four hours upon which Eve was created to be Adam ‘s comrade and help-meet in the garden of Eden. What if this adult female ‘s beastly power of deception should be stronger than the truth, and oppress him? She had non spared George Talboys when he had stood in her manner, and menaced her with a certain hazard ; would she save him who threatened her with a far greater danger? Are adult females merciful, or loving, or sort in proportion to their beauty and their grace? 273-4 La ‘the female wrongdoer is the venue of horror, the site where the incomprehensible panics of domesticity can be explained and surmounted. '36 Hart Lady Audley putting to deaths premeditated in order to prolong her socially and financially unafraid function of married woman place she has attained via misrepresentation. Gilbert ‘Lady Audley ‘s narrative shows that adult females are most evil when they conform to societal outlooks. ‘ Disease desire 96 sarcasm society labels adult females as adventuress, vill adult females who attract the male regard ‘I did retrieve this ; and it was, possibly, this that made me selfish and heartless ; for I suppose I am heartless. As I grew older I was told that I was reasonably — beautiful — lovely-bewitching. I heard all these things at first indifferently ; but by-and-by I listened to them avariciously, and began to believe that in malice of the secret of my life I might be more successful in the universe ‘s great lottery than my comrades. I had learnt that which in some indefinite mode or other every schoolgirl learns sooner or subsequently — I learned that my ultimate destiny in life depended upon my matrimony, and I concluded that if I was so prettier than my schoolmates, I ought to get married better than any of them. ‘350 Braddon suggests that adult females ‘s future individuality founded on the necessity to procure a good matrimony. Marriage based on the demand for societal and economic security, adult females ‘s fright of poorness, non on love. Phoebe marries out of fright afraid Luke will be ‘violent and vindictive ‘ ( p.107 ) if she is non submissive and compliant to his demands. Female individuality fluid Robert self-fulfillment romantic hero sub-plot masculinastion Faulkes – Writer ‘s confederate thrusts narrative, readers see events unfold, gives us familiarity with scoundrel, sometimes hard non to take his side Dynamic qualities make them appealing. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category mobility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia rational self-aware Robert Audley needs Gerald Coventry Allan Armadales need the figure of the governess in order to happen themselves. The governess didactic map does non halt at the direction cosmetic achievements, French. Their behavior is doubtless indocile but to ask rightful topographic point in the patriarchal order. Fetterley argues that Jean Muir ‘s narrative ‘articulates a extremist review of the cultural concepts of â€Å" muliebrity † and â€Å" small muliebrity, † exposing them as functions that adult females must play, masks they must set on in order to last. Therefore, Jean must play the function of the inactive and submissive beauty, but with the computation of a marauder, in order to achieve the wealth and position she urgently desires. ‘[ 9 ]This is undeniably accurate, and Jean ‘s letters to her co-conspirator, Hortense, reveal that she calculates her every move with the ‘cunning of a marauder. ‘ As Jean embarks on her new life as Lady Coventry the combustion of her letters is the symbolic rejection of her past life but the successful devastation of the ‘cunning marauder ‘s ‘ past life besides symbolises triumph and farther authorization of the indocile female. In decision, the villainess in esthesis fiction the heroine can be said is portrayed as more person than Godhead, a flesh and blood. The Victorian Villain Goes A-Governessing In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. La victim merely every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing. Madness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet gumshoe vil googbk Appearance inversion of countenance. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Heroines more mortal than Godhead. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia ‘you know the evil I have committed ‘ Juliet toilet ‘Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain capacity for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense wretchedness and self-loathing. ‘ 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control of her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her disgraceful workss. In this analysis, the societal and political alterations that Kilroy identifies as a beginning of anxiousness and fear-married adult females ‘s belongings rights and civil divorce, for example-are liberating, although the Schroeders note Thursday female characters such as Clara Talboys Muse and inspiration interesting stance, the ‘pale governess ‘ 15 old ages pittance return to be married The Victorian Villain Goes A-Governessing In Shakespeare the hero was baronial and remote. La victim merely every bit much as villainess abandoned. Few options workhouse the streets or governessing. Madness convenient fiction see Juliet toilet gumshoe vil googbk Appearance inversion of countenance. Suspicious of sudden displacement in category moility. Free herself from societal limitation. Social order must stay stable. Love makes Lydia refocus her hatred and vindictive nature. Redemption by decease delegating. A character so flawed anti-heroine La wholly focused on her ain societal demands egoistic appears to hold no feelings whatsoever. Ideal heroine person like Florence dombey 1848 of this novel to bind in with 1860s lizzie Hexam our mutal friend 1864 possibly self-denying motherly caring epitome angel. Everything La is non. Abandons kid. Success means money and security no room for love. 298Fatal necessities of privacy†¦ how complete an actress my lady had been made by the atrocious necessity of life. Jean letters reveal her motive, pigment in her function of victim. Jean arising against function of victim, relics of one time honorable nature. Greatest humor aspiration. Divorcee far more insurgent than bigamist. Heroines more mortal than Godhead. Bad adult females but still fulfil function of hero admire her for her sense of intent victimised position. Austere ‘passionate, amply sexual femme fatale, who has a cryptic yesteryear, an electrifying nowadays, and a vindictive future'xv presentation. Lydia ‘you know the evil I have committed ‘ Juliet toilet ‘Lydia Gwilt underestimates her ain capacity for humane and generous feeling, eventually doing the ultimate selflessness by puting down her ain life. Her self-destruction is non merely prompted by love, nevertheless, it is besides the consequence of intense wretchedness and self-loathing. ‘ 207. Lydia emotional has ever been control of her actions suicide ultimate signifier of control as she evades penalty for her disgraceful workss.

Progress and Technology Essay

The technology is such an important part of people lives that truly could not live without it, and it’s really has an influence to many people today in the whole world! How danger is this for the society depending on how they communicate, and progress their own lives with this technology? First of all Technologies play a very important role for most of adults, and especially teenagers because it makes life easier to live on and faster to do something. It is really helps people to communicate faster and easier than do hard labor from time to time whenever he/she want to talk to love ones, friends, and also family. Smartphones in our daily life today can capture sharp images with deeper colors compared to the cameras in competing smartphones. It can record high-definition video, and has two front-facing stereo speakers that could use for better documentary if having a filming or something. Individuals marketing businesses that could finish their presentation to work or something for a rushing day as a result of this really make jobs of people made easier than the old source to obtain source about something a person needs. Due to the cases of using technology like cellphones on texting while driving is very dangerous for young teenagers this is one of the most problem of the society today . As a matter of fact these incidents of accidental everyday always happen because of this problem about texting while driving. Those most of the teenagers exceedingly cannot live without cellphones and computer even in just twenty-four hours. It just depends on how people use it like they see a scandal scene in some place or about their friends or family then captured it, and send to a friend who knows the person. People have to had discipline on how using time in a manageable way about technology and daily life it is people duty to be discontented, but do not set aside other importan t things in daily life living.

Saved and The Wasp Factory Essay Example

Saved and The Wasp Factory Essay Example Saved and The Wasp Factory Paper Saved and The Wasp Factory Paper Essay Topic: Literature In The Wasp Factory and Saved one obviously apparent theme is the lack of community spirit in the societies. In The Wasp Factory there is no mention of a character who wonders why Frank isnt in school or doing things that other young men do. In Saved there is no mention of anybody making any sort of judgement when Pam goes to meet Fred, somebody who has been jailed for the murder of her baby. Therefore it is important to look into the issue of cultural poverty, as it will make clearer why the characters are who they are and behave as they do. Obviously, Saved is a play and The Wasp Factory is a novel. As Saved is a play the audience physically see characters actions and emotions whereas Iain Banks has to use imagery. The effect of this is that the disturbing images in Saved are there for the audience to see, initially making Saved even more sickening. The setting for Saved is on a bare stage so the plot seems extreme as the setting doesnt dilute the harsh actions and language used in the play but reinforces them. Although harsh actions and emotions are in The Wasp Factory the setting of empty beaches softens these actions, contrasting them with the natural splendour in which they take place. Perhaps Bond is suggesting that his characters have been formed by the environment and uses the setting to illustrate this whereas Banks makes it clear that ugly actions are not dependant on ugly surroundings. The Wasp Factory is written in the first person narrative therefore the reader sees things from Franks viewpoint. The whole book is based on Franks thoughts and actions so the readers perceptions are based on those of Frank. When Frank says that he has killed people he says it casually; the reader isnt as shocked as they should be. Frank says on page 42, Thats my score to date and It was just a stage I was going through when talking about his murders which gives the impression he has no remorse. Saved, as a play on the other hand, actually shows the audience the murder of the baby. Stage directions such as He starts to throw burning matches in the pram and He takes a stone from the pram and throws it at point blank range are actually shown to the audience. Unlike The Wasp Factory there is no escape from, nor sympathy with, the murder of the baby. In both texts the reader feels very close to the main characters and this is due to the language. The Wasp Factory is written in a Scottish dialect e. g. the girl who Jamie meets in the pub says to Jamie Dud he say sumhin er? referring to Frank who is drunk at the time, which makes the novel seem more realistic. This language seems strange to the reader but by using this dialect the language links the book with the time and the setting and this realism involves the reader in the book. In Saved the cockney accent makes the reader feel more involved in the story. In a conversation between Len and Pam on page 82 Pam says None a that ld a appened if yer ain bin ere. Without this accent it would be harder to picture the London setting and characters. Violence pervades in both texts. The extreme details of violence in the texts are sickening to any audience. Even the description of the battle between Frank and a rabbit contains violent images as Frank says how he feared the rabbit tearing the flesh off his finger and how he feared the rabbit biting his nose off. The instances of violence on living things are quite sickening but they pale in comparison to the murder of the baby in Saved and the murders in The Wasp Factory. In Saved when the men are trying to get the baby to sleep Pete says, give it a punch and also that cloutins good for em. These images alone show signs of abnormal behaviour and attitudes. The men then begin throwing stones at the baby with Mike asking Oos got the matches? showing that the characters intend burning the baby, another sickening thought. These disturbing images can also be linked to The Wasp Factory where Frank kills three children. Franks explanation for killing his young brother Paul is on page 67 where he says that Paul was not long for this world. Frank made Paul blow himself up by hitting a bomb with a stick at the age of five. When Franks father asks him about killing living things Frank tells the reader how of course I was out killing things and there just arent enough natural deaths. The innocence of the victims in the texts increases the horror of the audience. The use of innocent victims in The Wasp Factory again highlights Franks mental instability as he almost sees himself as a God like figure. Characters from Saved thought that it was a giggle to hurt the baby and Frank thought that it was his duty to kill the characters in The Wasp Factory for no real reason, all protagonists are seemingly amoral which poses the question whether society is actually amoral. Another point to consider is the portrayal of women in both texts. Frank sees women as weak and stupid in The Wasp Factory and feels that they live in the shadows of men perhaps because Franks mother left at a very early age giving him no real female guidance. Iain Banks wrote The Wasp Factory at the time Thatcher was Prime Minister. Thatcher wasnt a popular figure in Scotland; they saw her as more of a dictator than somebody who was willing to help them. Thatcher had set ideas and didnt really adapt to certain situations. This could be why Banks has chosen to hardly include women in the book at all as he saw Thatcher as somebody who ignored women in his perception. Therefore because of Thatchers influence on Banks life he chose to represent women as a non-existent gender whose only role in the book was to leave their child to live in a one-parent family. However this is ironic as the audience learns at the end of the book that Frank is female, so the destructive character who was anti-female and violent is really a female. When Frank finds this out he says he shivers at the thought of the idea of intercourse and giving birth on page 82; the main female character in The Wasp Factory behaves and thinks as a male. Saved also has a negative image of women. Pam is portrayed as an easygoing woman who would go to bed with anyone. Pam takes Len home without even finding out his name so therefore from the start of the play Pam is portrayed as easy. Pam is reflected negatively, as the audience doesnt have much sympathy for her when her baby dies especially as Pam goes to meet Fred. Fred helped to torture the baby yet Pam still insists he moves in with her, goes to meet him from prison and hopes that they will have a relationship. Pam puts her feelings for Fred above the fact that he helped to kill her baby, which therefore shows how motherhood is represented in Saved. As in The Wasp Factory the representation of motherhood is negative. Similarly Mary is also portrayed negatively by her husband Harry. Harry says to Len that the reason he came back was so Mary could do his washin an cookin', he says that if he left Mary would soon ave someone in my bed so the man to whom she is married dislikes her. It is fair to say that neither Iain Banks nor Edward Bond have any positive images of women in their texts; as they dont include women in any real positive role in their texts as their writing excludes the caring half of society. The majority of the characters in Saved seem unpleasant. Len however contrasts with these characters as he is portrayed as respectable; this highlights the behaviour of the other characters. Len seems a flawless character who acts in the best interest of others. Len explains in scene eight how I lost me job stayin out a elp you when yer was sick! The audience feels sympathetic towards Len, as Pam acts terribly towards him throughout the play. Pam says in scene eleven Es pullin me t pieces. Nothin but trouble referring to Len who was somebody who supported Pam throughout. Therefore in Saved Len is the only real good character, which emphasises the faults in the other characters. There are some very strange relationships in the two texts and it is important to look at these relationships in order to find out why certain characters are shaped as they are. The person who Frank has most contact with in The Wasp Factory is his father, his closest relation. Yet his father tells Frank that he is a man and feeds him male hormones. When Frank does finally find out, through forcing the truth out of his father, he says that his fathers truth had murdered what he was. The man on whom Frank relies is responsible for ruining his life. Therefore it could be said that there are no real relationships in The Wasp Factory and that it is a book made up of individuals. Most characters have their own secrets e. g. Franks the only one who knows about his murders, Eric doesnt tell anybody where he is and Franks father is the only one who knows the real truth about Frank. Frank doesnt really have anybody to talk to apart from Jamie so therefore he spends a lot of time on his own, contributing to his psychopathy. The relationships in Saved are also quite strange. Len moves in with Pam after they had only met once. Pam makes it obvious that she wants Len to leave as she says Why dont e go? and that Lens pullin me t pieces in one of the final scenes in the play. It is Len who stands by Pam throughout the play and looks out for her yet, she would rather have Fred back, somebody who helped to kill her baby. The longest standing relationship in Saved is between Mary and Harry yet Harry says that if he was to leave Mary shed soon ave someone in my bed which shows the lack of faith he has in his wife. Although the characters talk more in Saved than in The Wasp Factory the relationships are still dysfunctional. It could be fair to say that there are more normal characters in Saved (Len, Harry and Mary) than in The Wasp Factory where one of the only normal characters is a dwarf. However for all the talking that is done little of value is exchanged which again highlights the cultural poverty in the text. Linking with relationships is isolation, which is very apparent in both of these texts. Frank is isolated from society as he was never registered as he tells on page 13. This would make him isolated; as he was unable to attend school for example, as officially he didnt exist. However Frank doesnt even want to bother trying to get to know other people, he says in chapter 1 that I dont bother people and they best not bother me and that hes learned to live without people. This could be the reason Frank kills living things. It could be argued to explain his murders, as he was unable to learn societys norms and therefore set his own boundaries. Franks life is based on what Frank experienced. When Blyth killed Frank and Erics rabbits Frank felt the hiding he got from his father was not enough and that Frank wanted to kill Blyth there and then. It is fair to say that as Frank was so isolated he was shaped differently to other people in society. There is a different type of isolation in Saved as the family seem isolated as a group rather than as individuals. The baby is isolated as, apart from Len everybody neglects it. Len says in scene four that he wishes to god that he could take that kid out a this and he listen out for the kid. They ain bothered. The family seem isolated because of the strange events that occur. Stoning to death of a baby and the mother wanting to get back in a relationship with one of the perpetrators seems to go unremarked. As in The Wasp Factory the lack of friendship and communication with other characters from society could have shaped Pam. The only real people she did communicate with that werent family were the people who stoned her baby to death. In both texts the only person to be diagnosed with a mental illness was Eric who was certified insane. Although Franks father says to Frank sometimes I think youre the one who should be in hospital its only Eric who is contained. However Frank obviously has mental problems and perhaps the only reason he hasnt been assessed is down to the fact that he hasnt been registered and therefore he cant see a doctor. Pam suffers from depression in Saved but this is more down to Fred going to jail rather than the murder of her baby. Pam does suffer postnatal depression but this seems to be completely ignored because it poses no threat to anybody but herself. It could be said that based on these texts society only reacts to what threatens society. There is optimism in the two texts, showing perhaps the only way out of the effects of cultural poverty. There are brief scenes of optimism; Frank finding the study door open results in his true identity and Len is optimistic in Saved. He stays with Pam even though she treats him badly. The real optimism however is found right at the end of both books where Frank says, Now the door closes and my journey begins and there are no arguments at the end of Saved, which represents a new peaceful beginning. Lack of education, lack of hope and lack of access to societys norms are all parts of both texts so therefore it is true that cultural poverty is a major theme. Even though shocking images have been discussed I think the ending shows the characters can escape. Frank can start his new journey and the final scene of Saved shows that Pam and Len can fold the radio times without arguing. These two texts are initially very depressing yet we do end in hope. Therefore it could be argued that by the end of both texts the writers offer hope for society and a way forward. They show us that society is our safety net as humanity; if we can be shocked by the murder of a few how can we ignore the needs of many?

Free Essays on Nature Vs. Nurture Debate

Human behaviour can be understood as learned rather than directed by innate, biological drives. Discuss. In regards to the above statement, sociologist challenge the belief that human behaviour is determined by biological drives (nature) and that this is some how instinctive. The general area of focus for sociologists is social experiences (nurture), and how these experiences direct the shaping of the human identity and behaviour. This is going to analyse the extent to which sociologists see biology determining behaviour, or whether or not human behaviour is learnt, through the life-long process of socialisation. This will also take a look at a case study of a non - socialised infant. This will bring up some very interesting and complex questions. The extent to which sociologists see behaviour being determined by biology is questioned. Although they do recognise that biology does determine such things as: Biological sex - the individuals ‘sex’, male or female (genitalia). Physical characteristics - hair, skin, or eye colour, height and weight. Ageing process - physical changes that are associated with ageing. All of the above are inherited from the parents genes, and can usually be visibly seen. It is true to say that physical appearance is the only non-grey area discussed, because of there clear inheritance through these genes, so sociologists do not and can not deny these. are such things as drinking, sleeping or resting, taking shelter (e.g. keeping warm or cool), to urinate or defecate. These are seen as a need, not as an instinct, as how, when and where we do these things is dependent on the culture in which we live. Giddens (1998) states that ’instinct is a complex pattern of behaviour that is genetically determined‘. In everyday language, we use the term instinctively to talk about a common reflex. Example, if someone was to throw a plate at you, you would move out of the w... Free Essays on Nature Vs. Nurture Debate Free Essays on Nature Vs. Nurture Debate Human behaviour can be understood as learned rather than directed by innate, biological drives. Discuss. In regards to the above statement, sociologist challenge the belief that human behaviour is determined by biological drives (nature) and that this is some how instinctive. The general area of focus for sociologists is social experiences (nurture), and how these experiences direct the shaping of the human identity and behaviour. This is going to analyse the extent to which sociologists see biology determining behaviour, or whether or not human behaviour is learnt, through the life-long process of socialisation. This will also take a look at a case study of a non - socialised infant. This will bring up some very interesting and complex questions. The extent to which sociologists see behaviour being determined by biology is questioned. Although they do recognise that biology does determine such things as: Biological sex - the individuals ‘sex’, male or female (genitalia). Physical characteristics - hair, skin, or eye colour, height and weight. Ageing process - physical changes that are associated with ageing. All of the above are inherited from the parents genes, and can usually be visibly seen. It is true to say that physical appearance is the only non-grey area discussed, because of there clear inheritance through these genes, so sociologists do not and can not deny these. are such things as drinking, sleeping or resting, taking shelter (e.g. keeping warm or cool), to urinate or defecate. These are seen as a need, not as an instinct, as how, when and where we do these things is dependent on the culture in which we live. Giddens (1998) states that ’instinct is a complex pattern of behaviour that is genetically determined‘. In everyday language, we use the term instinctively to talk about a common reflex. Example, if someone was to throw a plate at you, you would move out of the w...

Report Card Comments for Math

Report Card Comments for Math Thinking of unique comments and phrases to write on a students report card is hard enough, but to have to comment on math is twice as difficult. There are so many different aspects in math to comment upon that it may get a bit overwhelming for teachers. To make the job a bit easier, use the following phrases to assist you in writing out your report card comments for math. Providing Feedback These phrases offer a good starting point for student feedback, but you might also find it helpful to record actual examples in order to have something concrete to review in a one on on setting. Positive Comments In writing comments for elementary student report cards, use these positive phrases regarding students progress in math. Has a solid understanding of all math concepts taught so far this year.Is mastering math concepts easily.Chooses to work on challenging math problems.Has grasped the difficult concept of (adding/subtracting/long division/place value/fractions/decimals).Math is a favorite area of study for...Enjoys math manipulatives and can be found using them during free time.Seems to understand all math concepts.Particularly enjoys hands-on math activities.Continues to turn in superb math assignments.Displays exceptional problem-solving and critical thinking skills in math.Is able to demonstrate and describe the process of addition of whole numbers up to...Is able to demonstrate place value concepts to give meaning to numbers 0 to...Understands place value and uses it to round numbers to the nearest...Uses data to create charts and graphs.Uses various strategies to solve one- and two-step word problems.Understands the relationship between addition and subtraction, and  multiplication and division .Solves real-world mathematical problems involving... Has good numerical skills and can use them in a variety of contexts.Is able to apply steps of a problem-solving process with considerable effectiveness.Demonstrates a thorough understanding of all math concepts and communicates with considerable clarity and justification of reasoning. Needs Improvement Comments On those occasions when you need to convey less-than-positive information on a students report card regarding math, use the following phrases to assist you. Can understand the concepts taught, but often makes careless mistakes.Needs to slow down and check his work carefully.Has difficulty with multistep math problems.Is able to follow mathematical processes but has difficulty explaining how answers are derived.Has difficulty with math concepts that involve high-level problem-solving.Has difficulty understanding and solving word problems.Could benefit from attending after-school math help sessions.Needs to memorize her basic addition and subtraction facts.Math homework assignments are often handed in late or incomplete.Has difficulty with math concepts that involve high-level problem-solving.Seems to show no interest in our math program.Is able to follow mathematical processes, but has difficulty explaining how answers are derived.Lacks basic math skills.Requires more time and practice in calculating addition and subtraction facts.Requires more time and practice in calculating multiplication and division facts.Needs to put much more effor t into learning to calculate addition and subtraction facts. Needs to put much more effort into learning to calculate multiplication and division facts.Needs practice with completing word problems.Needs considerable adult assistance to be able to complete word problems.Demonstrates a limited understanding of comparing numbers to...

MGMT499 - 1403B - 04 Individual Project 3 Research Paper

MGMT499 - 1403B - 04 Individual Project 3 - Research Paper Example Every supervisor in the department should be honest to ensure that the process is successful (Sargeson, 2009). Additionally, they should follow these instructions: All the supervisors will be graded according to the work they perform, ensuring that their grading is accurate and true. In this case, all their duties will be examined and accessed and their performance will be tracked to ensure that only the relevant information is acquired and filled in the performance grading form (Butera, 2013). The language must be communal on all aspects and the grading criteria must be consistence to enhance easy evaluation of their performances. Through this method, it will be easy to access the frontline supervisor performance. The grading criteria’s to use will include; unsatisfactory, below expectations, meets expectations, exceeds expectations and lastly, outstanding (Weiner, 2010). The supervisor will be graded accordingly, ensuring that the results are genuine. The criterion is very effective since every supervisor fits in one of the criteria’s. Consequently, it is effective in ensuring that all the qualities of a given supervisor, wheth er good, bad or worst are represented. All the weights are equal since every character is important for the supervisor to be characterized as perfect in performing his or her duties (6.67%). Administration: Have quality, effective and perfect administration and organizational skills. Eliminate all the unnecessary activities in the department and handle all activities with caution to enhance success. Communication: Have good communication skills such as listening to the juniors, effectively listening to their pleas and addressing their issues. Be timely while providing important information to the co-workers and the management Teamwork: Does the supervisor relate well with the employees under all conditions, especially, getting along easily with

How do YOU attempt to balance their responsibilities for child welfare Essay

How do YOU attempt to balance their responsibilities for child welfare and crime control To what extent are they successful - Essay Example Youth crime has become a significant problem in England especially in the socio-economically backward areas. A large number of youth come across some form of offending behavior in their lives whether as a perpetrator or as a victim. Most youth commit offence though the nature of the offences may not be serious. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland the minimum age of criminal responsibility is set at 10 years while the boys and girls aged between 14 and 18 years are considered young adults. (Hollin et al 2). Sufficient evidence is available to prove that among children frequency in offending starts from the age of 8 and reaches the peak during the adolescent years at around the age of 16-17 years. Excessive levels of bullying and fighting, shoplifting, destruction to property, absence from school, defiant and provocative behavior, setting fires, physical attacks, graffiti and sexual assaults are some types of offending (Liabo and Richardson 14). The frequency in offending drops shar ply at the age of 18 years and there is a strong possibility that the young offenders actually emerge as law-abiding citizens. Siegel and Welsh (282) have observed that the participation and the frequency of offences by young offenders decrease as they age. However offending does not totally vanish; it exists in the form of underage driving and consumption of alcohol (Hollin et al 2). A report conducted by Civitas (The Institute for the Study of Civil Society) showed that every year around 70,000 school aged children entered Youth Justice System with half of these first time offenders being young adults. The report also stated that both male and female were proven guilty of offence; however the number of male offenders was greater with theft and physical attacks on people being the greatest number of offences committed by the youth (Natale 2010). In England the offending youth have a love-hate relationship with the public. The public strongly condemns the offending actions of the yo ung adults and considers them a threat to the lives and property of the public. On the other hand, the public also raises a hue and cry over the treatment meted out to the young offenders on the hands of law enforcement agencies. In early England, the young offenders were awarded the same punishment for petty offences as an adult. A child forced to steal a piece of bread out of hunger was a thief as was a grown up person who stole a valuable object. The outlook of the English Justice System has changed significantly and now young adults who offend are not treated as hardcore criminals. The Youth Justice System was established to deal with offending children and young adults and is very different from the adult justice system. According to the Youth Justice System, the young offenders should not be isolated from the society rather the whole community should work together to make them law abiding citizens. It believes that arrests and jail sentences do not stop the young offenders fro m re-offending rather it has been observed that often young adults turn into criminals when sent to prison. If offending is traumatizing for the victims, it also deeply affects the young perpetrator who often is not aware of the severity of his actions until it is too late. The children and young adults who offend need the support and help from all corners so that they do not re-offend and emerge as responsible citizens of the future. Why do Youth Commit Offence There are a number of reasons for which the young offenders commit crimes some of them being peer pressure (bullying), problems at home such as lack of discipline at home, violence at home, financial problems, poor housing, lack of communication between parents

Telecommunications companies' risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Telecommunications companies' risks - Essay Example For a small business operating in a localized market, it is very easy to serve the market adequately, due to limited administration and maintenance costs for the networks. As the ventures increase size, and the market spreads geographically, the company should sustain operations in the risky global market by focusing on the cost effective technologies such as virtual private networks. Unprecedented growth is a key challenge that managers need to grapple with because it determines the strategic direction of a firm and as the pressure to remain competitive, they have to offer good services to the end user. There is paradigm shift where important functions such as finance, research and development, marketing and administration, becomes very demanding with growing market and hence the need for innovative strategies. Global strategy should be in line with the overall business strategy of the organization in order to avert risks that may arise. To a telecommunications firm the focus should be geared towards selecting the best strategy, and perhaps going own way is the only sure way to respond to opportunities or threats. As the firm increase market share and get up in the growth curve there is ever-growing demand for reliable services in order to take cultivate of business relationships, and exploit them to full. The firm needs to create their own telecommunication backbone infrastructure to avoid hassle of having to rely on unreliable companies. As for the case of, Metric Machine Parts and Supplies Corp, the number of customers is increasing rapidly. Numbers of catalogue orders is increasing, and hence the need for better distribution systems. The service to the end-users is overwhelmed and the trend is likely to continue. The management is in dilemma as to, search for another contractor to build and maintain the network, or create own infrastructure. The board is categorical that want to reduce costs. The chief information officer has recommended virtual private ne tworks, and that is likely to solve the business needs for the company. Nevertheless, there are challenges and risks accompanying this strategic move. Building own network infrastructure, not only lowers the costs but also increase service delivery. VPN can solve practical business problems by incorporating seamless technologies that allows experts, knowledge workers across various points to collaborate. The system promotes innovative arrangements such as outsourcing and telecommuting across the various branches, and can go a long way in forging linkages with business partners for proper management of the supply chain. As a network provider, Metric Machine Parts and Supplies Corp is likely to operate in a rapidly changing environment mainly due to digital convergence of wireless networks, for example, WIMAX and GSM mobile communications into 4th generation or LTE. The choices of systems for implementation of VPN to office, branches must be well commensurate with existing standards a nd practices. There are many options that the company can use, with numerous technology platforms existing. Each vendor proposed as set of solutions, and it is upon the company to choose what suits their business context. The technology infrastructure choice for data and communications should ensure that applications for the company are usable; these applications may include voice, video conferencing as well as collaboration tools. Executives have to reduce cost and have system flexibility, scalability, and increase productivity of information technology professionals that supervise the deployment. The range of applications of the internet can be of poor quality compared to the internet capability and

Sex Education In Public Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sex Education In Public Schools - Essay Example As much as proponents argue for it stating some benefits, its drawbacks overshadow them in the long run. One of the reasons why sex education should not be taught in public schools lies in the fact that the topic is not taken seriously by both the students and teachers. The whole affair runs through like a leisure teaching and learning experience. One proof of this lies in the lack of exams after its classes (Dogra, 2010). Where the students are not to be awarded grades raises concerns as many will not work hard to understand. This then beats its purpose while related to other courses like mathematics or science. Just as any other recreational course, sex education intends to teach just a few who are willing to learn while others spend the time to do other things. Sex education leads to embarrassment of many students and teachers in the classroom. Considering the tender ages at which it is introduced teachers find it uncomfortable to teach the subject (Dogra, 2010). The same applies to students who become overly excited. At some point students mock others who depict signs of puberty e.g. developed breasts, height and so on. This leads to low self esteem to the ridiculed students which may in the long run affect their education and the whole learning experience. A sex education class in most cases fails to serve the purpose of informing. Sex education is rarely given the respect and time offered to other subjects. Most instances it is offered as an interlude while teaching physical education. This also shows that many schools still do not regard it as important and it is a burden to their curriculum. Teachers on the other hand are not adequately trained on how to teach it (Dogra, 2010). Due to its extraordinary scope, there is need for them to incorporate other methods other than normal ones. They end up teaching according to their

Cooked Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cooked - Essay Example For ten years, he learned cooking skills and he found that he could become productive in front of the stove. Certainly, there are downsides with being an inmate but the episode brought him focus and a goal, certainly a turning point in his life. After prison, life was difficult. Henderson had difficulty in getting a job. His dream was to become an executive chef and his lack of formal training and criminal record made it excruciatingly difficult to achieve his objective. He began his career as a dishwasher in Los Angeles. He had to exert extra effort and more hard work not just to prove his capability as a cook but also to prove that he is trustworthy. Even with achieving some semblance of success in Los Angeles, where he eventually became a sous chef, he encountered the same difficulty when he moved to Las Vegas. Everyone was impressed about his credentials but turned him down because he was a convicted felon. During this period, he was jobless for a longtime, which must be very frustrating especially when he has a family to support. For instance, he recalled a particularly heartbreaking experience: "At the Paris Hotel, they were introducing me to my staff before I told them about my criminal record. Then they told me to t ake a walk." It is really unfortunate what a criminal record can do to a persons prospect in life. A lesser man with no strength in character would probably took the easy way and go back to being a felon. Fortunately, Henderson is not such a

Sex Education In Public Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sex Education In Public Schools - Essay Example As much as proponents argue for it stating some benefits, its drawbacks overshadow them in the long run. One of the reasons why sex education should not be taught in public schools lies in the fact that the topic is not taken seriously by both the students and teachers. The whole affair runs through like a leisure teaching and learning experience. One proof of this lies in the lack of exams after its classes (Dogra, 2010). Where the students are not to be awarded grades raises concerns as many will not work hard to understand. This then beats its purpose while related to other courses like mathematics or science. Just as any other recreational course, sex education intends to teach just a few who are willing to learn while others spend the time to do other things. Sex education leads to embarrassment of many students and teachers in the classroom. Considering the tender ages at which it is introduced teachers find it uncomfortable to teach the subject (Dogra, 2010). The same applies to students who become overly excited. At some point students mock others who depict signs of puberty e.g. developed breasts, height and so on. This leads to low self esteem to the ridiculed students which may in the long run affect their education and the whole learning experience. A sex education class in most cases fails to serve the purpose of informing. Sex education is rarely given the respect and time offered to other subjects. Most instances it is offered as an interlude while teaching physical education. This also shows that many schools still do not regard it as important and it is a burden to their curriculum. Teachers on the other hand are not adequately trained on how to teach it (Dogra, 2010). Due to its extraordinary scope, there is need for them to incorporate other methods other than normal ones. They end up teaching according to their

Conduct some independent research on a controversial public policy (at Essay

Conduct some independent research on a controversial public policy (at any level of government) addressing some aspect of techno - Essay Example Even the First Amendment is deemed insufficient to protect citizens’ rights to information access (Halperin 1985, 114). Concerns have risen to surface regarding who decides which information is to be made available to the public. Even after reforms and expansion of the law had taken place, most agencies cannot release information within the twenty-day median timeline. In addition, two questions still linger on every information request that gets filed: (1) what information should be released; and (2) what information should be withheld (Martin 2008, 60). As a public affairs professional, I acknowledge the precarious situation policymakers and federal agencies are forced to deal with. There is a fine line between what can be disclosed and what needs to be hidden. This is a balancing act that policymakers need to deal with whenever the handling of information is involved in every bill that gets debated on the halls of the legislative. On the other hand, federal agencies need to carefully interpret and understand the laws which govern the processing and releasing of requested information by the public. Braman (2009) showed how much information technology has changed how the United States Constitution protects civil liberties and democratic processes. On the other hand, Rich (2011) disclosed how national security concerns may affect how citizens’ right to privacy might be violated.

Nuclear Power - a Reliable Energy Source for the Future Essay Example for Free

Nuclear Power a Reliable Energy Source for the Future Essay Nuclear power A reliable energy source for the future India is on the move. Indeed, one of the primary reasons why we are even having this competition is a result of the 8% plus annual GDP growth over the last 8 years. This growth has been driven by strong domestic demand, and with that electricity consumption per capita has doubled from 355KWh in 2000 to 720kWh by 2009. This is a huge increase, but in absolute terms is puny when compared to other countries globally, being only 20% and 3% of the figures for China and America respectively. Juxtapose this with the deplorable fact that about 400 million people are yet to be connected to the electricity grid and the writing is on the wall. In this regard it’s best to compare ourselves to China but it’s already clear that demand is going to soar in the coming years. On the supply side, the power generation figures are much gloomier, and most years hover stubbornly around the ‘Hindu rate of growth’ of 3%. Understandably power generation requires huge capital investment; even so, the pace of growth has been extremely tardy over the past 20 years. In many states (Maharashtra being the notable example) reasonably healthy power surpluses from the early 90s were allowed to stagnate into power deficits by the end of the decade, setting the stage for a huge uphill struggle to cope with the demand surge of this past decade. The net result of all this is that overall national power deficit is around 12% consistently, with no major state being power surplus. There can be no doubt as to what is responsible for this; poor planning and lack of foresight on the part of the Government. Thankfully, it appears to have finally woken up to the challenge, and there are hasty efforts being made to meet the XIth plan revised target of 62,500 MW with a far more ambitious target for the XIIth plan. Given this changed outlook on the part of the Government, I think this is an excellent opportunity to not only work for the short term goal of bridging the deficit, but also looking further ahead and envisioning scenarios for 2020 and beyond. Let’s take a step back and see exactly how we get our power from. At the oment, the predominant source is thermal – a kinder word for what are mostly coal-fired plants. Totally these contribute 64. 6% of the total installed capacity. The other major contributor is hydroelectric powerwhich provides another 22. 6% of total power. Both are hardly what you’d term green; coal powered plants , especially in India are inefficient and polluting whereas large scale hydroelectric projects tend to cause large scale environmental ch anges as well as trigger population shifts. Finally there is nuclear and renewables, which come in at 4. % and 7. 2% respectively. Given the scale of problems associated with large scale hydroelectric projects, it is going to extremely difficult (and not advisable from an environmental viewpoint either) to attempt to build huge hydroelectric projects. Indeed, most of the current capacity has been installed in the immediate years post-independence and there has been little progress with large scale projects in the last twenty years (the Narmada Bachao Andolan and the movements against the Tehri dam come to mind here). It is quite clear therefore, that apart from small scale hydroelectric projects that do not require massive dams on rivers, it is going to be very difficult to raise the conventional hydroelectric generation capacity by as much as is required by the growth in demand discussed above. It is quite an accepted view that the renewable energy sources like wind, tidal and geothermal just will not have the ability to compensate for current fossil fuel generation. Wind and waves could only be used at the coast or in elevated areas in the mountain ranges, and apart from the four monsoon months, wind patterns across the subcontinent are rather subdued. In my view, there are strong reasons for opting for the latter, which I will detail in the paragraphs below. India abounds with coal. Indeed, this is the only fossil fuel we have a huge supply of. Beneath the ground in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Orissa lies about 10% of the known reserves, making India the 3rd largest coal producer in the world. With reserves enough to last for at least another 100 years, it is no surprise then that post-Independence a huge emphasis was placed on enhanced production and utilisation for electricity generation. There are of course other demands for coal, most notably by the steel industry where it is used as a raw material. Like many other areas for the economy, the steel industry has also boomed in the last 20 years with a six fold increase in production. But this may also prove to be too little as demand is increasing at an annual pace of 10%+ and is likely to accelerate given the renewed push for infrastructure development by the government. All of this has meant that once again India is importing large quantities of coal negating the trade cushion that large domestic production naturally affords us. What is the reason for this mismatch? All mines in India were nationalised in the 1970s, and have fallen behind the rest of the world in production standards and efficiencies. Finally, Indian coal has a high ash content and low calorific value which means that larger quantities of raw material will need to be mined. All of these last points highlight the much larger problem with coal- its huge impact on the environment. Fossil fuels pollute, but they do so in two ways- through the emission of particulate matter, S02, N02 and other harmful gases (traditional pollution) and the emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. In most of the developed world, the former has vanished almost completely with strict regulations on emissions from plants. In India, with the poor quality of mining and lax environmental normscoal power plants are a huge source of local pollution. This significantly mars the quality of life of the people in the surrounding area, and if a dramatic increase in coal power is planned, a much larger number of people will be affected. Of course, the much bigger problem and challenge is the huge carbon emissions. To many, the whole debate on climate change is a conspiracy by the West. Just when India appears to be settling on a path of sustained growth, the bogey of carbon emissions is raised by nations that have made full use of carbon based industries themselves. Climate change debate in India is extremely low on facts and high on rhetoric and outlooks range from a care-a-damn attitude to holding it liable for everyunusually heavy downpour. Climate change is by and large not a burning topic for public discussion, certainly not one of the aam aadmi issues and so receives short shrift amongst our politicians- many of whom know precious little on the matter. Imagine then the unease, when the whole issue blew up suddenly at Copenhagen in 2008 and India thrust into a prominent position alongside China. No longer an innocent bystander as at Kyoto a decade before, India’s growth and emergence in the world’s eyes have also ensured that it is now seen as essential to the solution. While there was no deal reached on the matter in part due to India and China standing firm, the writing is on the wall for India. Emission limits are going to come sooner or later. Indeed, they may be pretty soon given the unexpected change in the Government’s stance at the current round of negotiations in Cancun. All this makes coal powered plants the real villains of the lot. Spewing huge amounts of carbon in the atmosphere, they can (and especially the ones in India) be highly inefficient. Technologies like Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) exist which can reduce this but is at the moment prohibitively expensive and reduces the efficiency of the plant by a further 50%. There is also the additional problem of safe storage of the captured CO2 so that it does not leak out for 100s of years. If even in the West it will require significant government subsidy to implement, there is not much scope of it taking off in India where there will be no governmental support. A simple modification could be to build gas/oil based plants. While the carbon emissions will be curtailed somewhat, and air pollution unquestionably reduced, these are not a solution to the problems of carbon emissions. And finally India’s oil and gas (despite recent finds) reserves are far short of meeting demand, which would place these plants at the mercy of large fluctuations in international prices or global unrest. Good examples of this are the countries of Europe who are trying hard to diversify themselves away from Russian gas. Now these can be perceived as significant setbacks, or else as a whole new set of opportunities with the chance for a level playing field. I earnestly believe that these two issues- the burgeoning power deficit and the push to eliminate it and the need to begin some action on climate change have fortuitously come at the same time. Nuclear energy has a long association with independent India. Nuclear energy caught the attention of our founding fathers and Jawaharlal Nehru was an eager advocate. In an influential letter Homi Bhabha, the architect of the Indian nuclear program wrote â€Å" Moreover, when nuclear energy has been successfully applied for power production in say a couple of decades from now, India will not have to look abroad for its experts but will find them ready at hand. † But the fortunes of our nuclear ambitions mirrored only too closely that of India’s relations with the rest of the world. The early optimism of the Nehru years disappeared abruptly with the China war, and the 1964 Chinese atomic test only served to highlight India’s isolation from the world’s major powers and the precarious security balance with regards to China. Acquiring a bomb became a national priority; and while the 1974 tests were a triumph for Mrs Gandhi domestically, it spelt doom for civilian nuclear efforts. An outraged international community imposed tough sanctions, which were further intensified after the 1998 nuclear tests. For most people, it seemed that civilian nuclear efforts had been given a quiet burial. But was this really the case? Amazingly, and in what must be one of the greatest triumphs of Indian science and engineering, it was not! Despite tremendous odds, a great deal of effort was put into civilian nuclear technology. Realising that they couldn’t rely on the West, our scientists decided to revisit the entire basis of the nuclear process and press on with phase II of the so called three stage nuclear program. The emphasis would now be placed on Thorium, which is much more abundant in India. There are significant challenges to using this material, mostly due to the fact that it does not produce the fissile stable Uranium 235 as a by-product of decay. A lot of work has been done in this area, and today we are ready to commission projects at phase II and planning work has already begun for Phase III Advanced Heavy Water Reactor systems. However, in that period the Cold War became history and our growing economy and some unexpectedly dogged diplomacy won India the landmark nuclear deal of 2008. While the sceptics may decry the ‘loss of sovereignty’ India is now no longer a nuclear pariah and can trade and develop its civilian nuclear capabilities as it sees fit. What I want to underscore here is just how competitive we are; our atomic energy facilities are in many cases at the cutting edge of nuclear research and certainly the best work on Thorium is coming out of India. So much so that nuclear scientists from the West are extremely keen on using our facilities and collaborating with us. I think the nuclear deal will enable us to leverage our strengths well, and if properly planned out, India could very well turn from customer to supplier, exporting high value technology to other countries around the globe. This is an opportunity that surely cannot be missed! But to return to nuclear energy- does it fulfil the requirements for a reliable source of energy? Well air pollution is extremely limited, and so are carbon emissions as there are no fossil fuels involved (except perhaps for the transfer of the fuel). India possesses vast reserves of Thorium, and electricity from nuclear power will also be cost effective. Sure, it takes longer to build these plants but that in part has been to our lack of experience and the stifling of nuclear commerce pre 2008. This has been taken into account in the growth plans to 20,000 MW by 2020 and then a further tripling to 63,000 MW by 2032. Unlike the solar power targets though, these should be readily achievable. At the moment, Indian industry doesn’t possess many of the skills required by the industry and this will be a great impetus itself for developing high tech industries in India. However, there is the serious issue of disposal of nuclear by products and the catastrophic scenarios that can arise from a nuclear accident. Indeed it is the latter which has led to large amounts of anti-nuclear feelings especially in Europe. The largest such accident was at Chernobyl in 1986 and the radiation from this affected most of continental Europe. But as has been pointed out, safety standards in the Soviet Union were not as stringent as the West, and even these were blatantly violated as the Soviet economy began to crumble. In other words, it was a terrible exception and given correct management, shouldn’t happen again. In many ways this was eerily similar to Bhopal, which is worrying for two reasons. One it shows we don’t have an inbred safety culture and two that such comparisons could be a convenient bogey for derailment of nuclear projects. The solution is to tackle the former and build up a culture of professionalism and discipline at these nuclear power plants, with safety standards that compare with the West and are adhered to. The memories of Bhopal are still fresh in people’s minds and let’s hope the lessons stay with us also. France is a great example of a system that works. 70% of its electricity is generated in nuclear plants and it has an unblemished safety record. So along with technology, we should have no qualms in learning from the best in the trade and imbibing their safety ethic. If this is done, there is a great chance of nuclear technology becoming another transformative sector for the economy like IT was in this decade. Being a nuclear energy powerhouse will have a knock-on effect for Indian diplomacy and our relations with the rest of the world. Given the volatile nature of world events, it is almost a certainty that access to nuclear technology will be continue to be restrictive in the years ahead. All of the world powers today have strong nuclear programs- even Japan is a key supplier for civilian nuclear technology. A strong domestic nuclear sector will add a lot of weight to our voice in the world and hasten India’s ascent on the world stage. Nuclear energy will enable us to make significant progress in meeting any emissions targets that could be set for us and will make clear to the world that India is serious about climate change. Not only is this good for us in the long run (India is particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures) but it will also deflect pressure back on the developed nations who are primarily responsible for the problem. Such a bold move would be another shot in the arm for Indian diplomacy. If a stopgap solution is required, then coal and gas plants are the way forward. Indeed, to meet the immediate deficit, this is the only way. But it is not the technology for the future. At the moment, that mantle lies with nuclear energy. Our country has already done a great deal of work under very difficult conditions to build up our nuclear program. It would be a tragedy to let this slide and not harness its capabilities. Accomplishing this will require vision- but then, that is exactly what is needed to build the India of the future.

Psychotropics in Paediatrics or Adolescents

Psychotropics in Paediatrics or Adolescents Introduction Psychotropic drugs are medications and chemical formulations that cross the blood brain barrier to act on the central nervous system to stimulate the change of mood and behaviour of an individual. Schatzberg and Nemeroff (2009) underscore that it is important to note that these medications are not curative but rather palliative, and although they may improve symptoms associated with various mental disorders, they do not cure the primary cause of the disorders. According to Perry (2007), psychotropic medications include antidepressants, antipsychotic or neuroleptics, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) drugs, and antimanic or anxiolytics among others. This paper aims at discussing the physiological implications of using psychotropic medications in paediatric and adolescent populations with a bias on neuroleptic/antipsychotic, anxiolytic/antianxiety and ADHD drugs. While there may be reservations regarding the use of psychotropic medication in children and the physiologic effect of these drugs on young people’s central nervous system development, leaving mental disorders untreated is not a viable option as evidently supported by medical literature. This is because untreated mental illness may cause paramount long-term morbidity and even irreversible deficits in socio-emotional and cognitive functioning. Regardless of ethical and legal reservations surrounding the use of psychotropic drugs among paediatric and adolescent patients, analyses of data on their use reveals fast changing trends pointing to increased use. According to Hsia and MacLennan (2009) there was a three-fold increase of the number of children/adolescents taking any psychotropic drug between 1987 and 1996. Adolescent visit to physicians significantly increased psychotropic prescriptions as evidenced by an increase to 8.3% of the prescriptions in 2001, up from 3.4% in 1994 (Hsia MacLennan, 2009). In 2001, psychotropic prescriptions made up 8.8% of all psychopharmacological prescriptions among patients aged between 6 and 17 years (Hsia MacLennan, 2009). In terms of gender, more male paediatrics and adolescents are on these medications compared to their female counterparts. Due to increased incidences of anxiety, depressive, manic, and other psychotropic disorders in paediatrics and adolescents, there has been an increased acceptance and need for use of neuroleptics, anxiolytics and antidepressant drugs in these patients. Neuroleptics and their implications on paediatrics/adolescent Neuroleptics, also known as major tranquilizers or antipsychotic drugs are used primarily to treat psychoses and symptoms. In paediatrics and adolescents, they are also indicated in the treatment of other non-psychotic psychiatric disorders. They are the drugs of first choice in treatment of autism and schizophrenia in children and adolescence. Kalyna and Virani (2007) explain that neuroleptics are used in treatment of paediatrics and adolescents with severely aggressive conduct disorders, Tourette’s disorder, and chronic motor or vocal tic disorder. Antipsychotic drugs are also used in the treatment of ADHD but their use has decreased due to increased use of stimulant medications which are more effective for this disorder. Examples of antipsychotic drugs include haloperidol, chlorpromazine, molindone and fluphenazine. Newer formulations include olanzepine, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone and ziprasidone (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson, 2010). The use of neuroleptics on paediatrics and adolescents has several implications. Side effects associated with long-term use of these medications in this population include akathesia, acute dystonic reactions, parkinsonian symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, anticholinergic symptoms and sedation. They also lower seizure threshold in susceptible subjects and drugs such as Chlorpromazine should not be used in such patients. Tardive dyskinesia is a grave concern and has been reported in about 1 to 20% of paediatrics and adolescents on long-term use of neuroleptics (Kalyna Virani, 2007). It may occur as early as 5 months after commencement of treatment or may delay to up to 3 years. Since paediatrics and adolescents have more dopamine receptors than adults, they are more sensitive to side effects affecting the central nervous system. Long-term use of neuroleptics should be avoided in this population but †¦.contends that low doses may be recommended in selected difficult cases. Other side effects associated with neuroleptics include weight gain, irregular menses and breast enlargement in adolescents. Doran (2013) documents that second-generation anti-psychotic (SGA’s) drugs can cause metabolic disturbances and weight gain in paediatrics and adolescents even during first-time treatment. For instance, in a trial of treatment of schizophrenia with olanzapine, 30% of the paediatric/adolescent subjects gained weight compared to 6% in adult subjects (Doran, 2013). Other SGAs such as risperidone, quetiapine and clozapine also posted similar results with the paediatric/adolescent subjects gaining between 0.9 to 16.2 kilograms (Doran, 2013). Withdrawal of neuroleptics or lowering of the dosage may lead to withdrawal emergent syndrome with resultant aggravation of psychotic symptoms. This has been reported in paediatrics and symptoms include ataxia, vomiting and nausea. In a study by Vitiello (2008) as high as 51% of the paediatric patients showed the withdrawal symptoms, usually occurring after few days to few weeks after drug withdrawal. Clozapine has been associated with deaths of two paediatric patients with the mechanism being linked to sudden cessation of treatment (Vitiello, 2008). Haloperidol has been demonstrated to interfere with the children and adolescent’s daily routine including social and school activities. Neuroleptics increase sedation, lethargy and somnolence in paediatrics and adolescents than in adults; for instance, this was demonstrated in 30% to 49% of paediatric patients being treated with Risperidone in contrast to 7% of adults taking the same drug for bipolar mania (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson , 2010). Anxiolytics and their implications on paediatric/adolescents Anxiolytics are psychopharmacologic drugs used to treat anxiety disorders in paediatrics and adolescents. Other conditions for which they may used include sleep disorder, aggressive behaviours and psychosis. They include selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and busipirone. Anxiety disorders are greatly predominant in adolescence; between 6 and 20% of children have a type of anxiety disorder (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Doran (2013) documents that use of benzodiazepines in paediatrics and adolescents has tripled over the last 10 years. Anxiolytics are recommended to be used only after an aftermath of an event e.g. traumatic event and should be used for short periods (not more than two weeks) to avoid the risk of developing addiction or diminished efficacy. A recent review shows that SSRIs have become the preferred pharmacological intervention for paediatric anxiety disorders. They have very potent anxiolytic effects and their tolerance among paediatrics and adolescents is high. However, this class of psychotropic drugs has been associated with increased suicidal ideation. A well-documented controversy in paediatric and adolescent psychopharmacology occurred in 2003 when FDA issued public alert warning prescribers of increased ideation and attempts of suicide among patients below 18 years on anxiolytics (Vitiello, 2008). This contributed to a substantial drop in rates of diagnosis and prescription of these drugs among paediatric and adolescent population. Later, after a meta-analysis of numerous clinical trials of nine drugs in this class, it was demonstrated that there was only a marginal increase (0.7%) increase in the suicidal ideation with no actual increase in completed suicides (Schatzberg Nemeroff, 2009). However, this has led to adoption of a multidisciplinary approach towards management of paediatric and adolescent depression to encompass both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Cardiovascular adverse effects are often reported with most anti-anxiety medications because these drugs act on the autonomic system. Such side effects include increase in heart rate and changes in blood pressure. Although these side effects are generally not of major clinical significance while taking psychotropic medications, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) such as desipramine have been inconclusively linked to sudden death among paediatric patients (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Therefore, it is imperative for the prescribing physicians to take a comprehensive patient history, as well as monitor the electrocardiograms, heart rate and blood pressure changes of the paediatric and adolescent patients before and during treatment with psychotropic agents such as TCAs. Lamotrigine manifestly increases the risk for severe skin reactions and hives in paediatrics and adolescents (Dulcan, 2010). Another critical consideration in anxiolytic use of drugs in these subjects is drug interactions. Drugs that inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzyme system could have adverse effects on the subjects if concomitantly administered with anxiolytics (Perry, 2007). Antifungal drugs and some antibiotics such as erythromycin when co-administered with SSRIs such as fluoxetine can cause cardiac arrhythmias (Perry, 2007). Others such as imipramine and Lamotrigine can cause toxic delirium (Hamrin, McCarthy Tyson, 2010). The prescribers must document all medications that may have drug-drug interactions with psychotropics as well as those that have direct or indirect effect on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. ADHD drugs and their implications on paediatrics/adolescents Stimulants used in management of ADHD are some of the most used psychotropic drugs among paediatrics and adolescents. However, trepidation persists due to concerns of the adverse effects of these drugs on the growth rate in paediatrics. Use of stimulant psychotropic drugs has been associated with stunted growth rates. The Multimodal Therapy of ADHD study demonstrated that stimulant psychotropic drugs, especially in high doses, reduce growth velocity and weight (Gelder et. al, 2009). This is due to appetite loss, a common adverse effect associated with these stimulant drugs. However, in most cases normal growth seems to rebound once the psychostimulant agents are withdrawn with no significant suppression of ultimate height attained. Nevertheless, some studies have revealed that pyschostimulants continue to suppress growth in early and late adolescence. Rosenberg and Gershon (2002) explain that pyschostimulants such as methylphenidate may permanently cause stunted growth by affecting e piphyseal closing of long bones if used between ages 17 and 21 years. However, Cheng and Myers (2010) outline that suppression of growth could be because of the underlying mental disorder, for instance, ADHD rather than the treatment. One disconcerting physiological implication of ADHD drugs especially in paediatrics being treated for hyperactivity or outbursts is the aggravation of the condition with the medication, a phenomenon referred to as paradoxical response. Doran (2013) explains that in a small number of paediatric/adolescent patients may severely increase nervousness and agitation instead of reducing it (disinhibition). These subjects may become giddier, act sillier or even manic. Similarly, some younger patients may be more depressed after being put on antidepressants. Studies have shown paediatrics and adolescents getting more moody and agitated after receiving mood treatment psychotropic drugs in ADHD treatment (Kalyna Virani, 2007). Others on stimulants may become more hyperactive and fail even to respond to sleep-inducing drugs. Research by Hamrin, McCarthy and Tyson (2010) shows that if a paediatric or adolescent patient shows paradoxical effect to one class of psychotropic drugs, there is a 50% o f similar reaction if he or she is given another drug of the same class. Paediatrics and adolescents have a lower albumin binding capacity and reduced adipose compartment, leading to a higher percentage of unbound compound than adults. Similarly, their drug biotransformation rates are higher, and this could reduce the half-life of the drugs relatively increasing the risk for toxic metabolite levels. This may contribute to physiological rebound effect where the paediatric and adolescent patients present with exacerbation of symptoms than original symptomatology (Dulcan, 2010). This often occurs when drug plasma levels decrease due to increased hepatic elimination and subsequent renal excretion. The subjects show symptoms such as hyperactivity, irritability, insomnia, over talkativeness, excitability and non-compliance (Dulcan, 2010). Schatzberg and Nemeroff (2009) explain that this can be remedied by adding a small afternoon dose or using slow-release preparations. The physician may also opt to use short- and long acting medications. Other implications of ADHD drugs on paediatrics and adolescents are the drug’s adverse effects. In a meta-analysis review, 32% of the doctors were concerned with decreased appetite and loss of weight association with these drugs. Half of them raised concerns about disturbed sleep while 22% were apprehensive of the increased anxiety. Other physicians indicated that they were concerned about possible diversion of ADHD drugs and felt burdened by prescribing these controlled drugs for paediatrics and adolescents. There is a high potential for abuse of controlled stimulant drugs used in ADHD treatment which can be achieved by crushing and snorting the medication. However, this abuse potential has been addressed through extended release formulations and introduction of skin patches which are less susceptible to abuse. Conclusion Psychopharmacological treatment in paediatrics and adolescents is an area of on-going ethical discussion, as these subjects affected by mental disorders are a vulnerable class of patients. The use of psychotropic drugs in children below 8 years is under-researched; this is because most of these drugs are developed and researched in adults. In addition, it could also be due to existing ethical and legal considerations that hamper access of research to such studies. Paediatrics and adolescents with psychotic disorders will classically be put on psychotropic drugs while those with other disorders will be put on non-pharmacological treatment. Sometimes, both approaches may be used simultaneously. Logically, the benefits of pharmacological intervention must outweigh potential risks associated with use of these drugs in these young people. An important consideration is the proof of the efficacy and safety of the drug for the age of the patient and the specific disorder. Psychopharmacothera py in paediatrics and adolescents requires a holistic, multidisciplinary approach. Pharmacovigilance in use of psychotropic agents among these subjects as well as their long-term efficacy and adverse effects are indispensable. It is evident that paediatric and adolescent patients are, to say the least, more vulnerable to adverse effects of psychotropics than adults are. With the increasing adoption of psychopharmacological interventions in treatment of paediatrics and adolescents with mental disorders, novel research is vital to come up with clear evidence-based recommendations on use psychotropics in these subjects. References Cheng, K. 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